A civilian firing a compact pistol and common generic ball is far less well armed. Remember, these are soldiers firing full-size service pistols with full-power ball ammo. The historical reference is too well proven to argue against. The 9mm pucker and straight-through shot does not have the desired effect on motivated adversaries. In military ball form, the 9mm has a reputation for needing more than one hit to stop the majority of adversaries. The question is, is the 9mm a good fight stopper? That question has many answers, and it depends upon who is doing the asking. The major agencies have since went to the 40 S&W or 45 ACP, often after hard lessons, but the 9mm undoubtedly remains a success story. A few diehards clung to the 357 Magnum, and the 45 was used by a few agencies. By 1990 the 9mm was also the universal law-enforcement caliber. By 1954, the Browning High Power, French MAC 50, Beretta 1951 and Smith & Wesson Model 39 had set the pace for modern service pistols. America clung to the 1911 45 ACP largely because we had millions on hand. 30s and short-cased 9mms were put away by the efficiency of the 9mm Luger. Originally used by Germany beginning in 1906 and universally adopted by the German Army in 1908, the 9mm Luger impressed the world enough that by 1950 the majority of the worlds armed services had chosen the 9mm Luger as a service cartridge. Also a number of private firms manufactured military ammunition during World War I and II.Unquestionably the most popular military handgun cartridge of all time is the 9mm Luger. There were about 15 other companies that manufactured ammunition at various times, particularly during the 1860-1900 period. U, UMC or R B (Purchased by Remington in 1911) Rimfire, P or PETERSHV Centerfire, P, PC, P.C., PCCO Rimfire, AL EP, G or G, HP, F, XL, XR and WM Centerfire, FC Headstamp markings of the principal American ammunition manufacturers are as follows: Since it would require another whole book to adequately cover the subject, it is quite impossible to include more than a few examples. Obviously, this is a complex and highly specialized field. Worldwide, there are over 800 military headstamps in existence plus some 400 or more commercial headstamps that have existed at various times. Also the location of the factory code was changed, in some instances, to 6 o'clock or other locations. Some used three elements spaced equidistant from each other while others adopted a four-element system located at 12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock. Rapid expansion of ammunition manufacturing facilities as the result of the war introduced many new designs without any effort at standardization. military headstamp prior to World War II had two elements, with the factory code at 12 o'clock and the date at 6 o'clock. The location of the elements is most conveniently indicated by its clock-face orientation, with 12 o'clock at the top, 3 o'clock at the right, 6 o'clock at the bottom and 9 o'clock at the left. This usually indicates an older cartridge, since most countries discontinued segment lines shortly after World War I. Some headstamps are segmented, that is, these have one or more segment lines that divide the head into two to four equal parts. Military cartridges can have from one to five elements, including cartridge, date and place of manufacture plus other identifying markings. Cartridges intended for sporting or civilian use usually have two elements one identifies the specific chambering, the other identifies the manufacturer. Headstamps consist of one or more parts or information elements. Information that can be obtained from the headstamp is extremely varied and depends on the intended purpose or use of the cartridge and who manufactured it. The headstamp is the stamped markings on the head of the cartridge. While it isn't foolproof, often the easiest way to identify a cartridge is to look at the headstamp, if there is one, because in many instances that will tell you exactly what it is. Cartridge identification is important to anyone who works with ammunition cartridges, whether it's reloading or collecting.
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